Anthrax FAQs

Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by a bacteria called Bacillus anthracis. This bacterium occurs naturally in certain species of animals in the southwestern part of Texas. Many different types of animals, as well as people, can get the disease.

Although anthrax can occur anywhere in the state, the cases are most often confined to a triangular area bounded by the towns of Uvalde, Ozona and Eagle Pass. This area includes portions of Crockett, Edwards, Kinney, Maverick, Sutton, Uvalde, and Val Verde Counties (see maps on the Anthrax Data page). In these counties, many livestock producers routinely vaccinate livestock against the disease.

Anthrax outbreaks depend on two factors working together: the presence of anthrax spores in the soil, and suitable weather conditions. The bacteria grow and contaminate the surface soil and grass after periods of wet, cool weather, followed by several weeks of hot, dry conditions. Outbreaks in animals usually end when cool weather arrives, and the bacteria become dormant. An outbreak may occur one year, but not the next. Death loss may occur in one pasture, while animals nearby remain healthy.

Grazing and browsing animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and exotic and domestic deer are the species usually infected with anthrax. They inhale or ingest the anthrax bacteria as they eat plants which have been contaminated with the bacteria. Domestic and wild swine are fairly resistant to anthrax although they may become ill. Dogs, cats, and other carnivores are very rarely infected with anthrax, and symptoms in these species are usually much less severe than in deer and livestock.

It is usually hopeless to treat animals that are already showing signs of anthrax. Occasionally, if the disease is diagnosed soon after infection, antibiotics, along with adequate nursing care, may help.

A vaccine for livestock is frequently used in areas where anthrax is common, but the vaccine must be used before the animal is infected with the bacteria. The vaccine for livestock is not the same as the one for humans. No vaccine is available for pets.

Deer and livestock normally get the disease by swallowing anthrax spores while grazing on contaminated pasture. Animals and people at the site of the anthrax release may become infected by breathing the spores, which are odorless, colorless, and tasteless. 

Yes. Handling or eating a dead or sick animal infected with anthrax can transmit anthrax to humans and other animals. Anthrax is not spread by sneezing or coughing. Person-to-person spread of the disease is unlikely.

Animals that die of anthrax can contaminate the soil with anthrax spores, so the bodies should be burned, not buried.

Wear a mask and gloves when handling sick or dead animals. Vaccinate livestock as recommended. Cleaning hair, skin, clothing, and animals with soap and water will help eliminate contamination.

Signs of the illness usually appear 3 to 7 days after the spores are swallowed or inhaled. Once signs begin in animals, they usually die within two days. Infected animals may stagger, have difficulty breathing, tremble, and finally collapse and die within a few hours. Sometimes animals may have a fever and a period of excitement followed by staggering, depression, unconsciousness (lacking awareness), difficulty breathing, seizures, and death. Dark blood may ooze from the mouth, nose, and anus. Signs in pigs, dogs, and cats may be less serious.

A diagnosis is made by finding the anthrax bacteria or antibodies to anthrax in the blood of infected animals through laboratory tests.

Anthrax spores are not in the air or in water. However, you should avoid touching any animal carcasses you come across in the wild. People usually get anthrax through handling a dead or sick animal infected with anthrax or eating the meat from infected animals. Shearers, stockmen, and veterinarians, as well as other agricultural workers exposed to hides or raw wool have a slightly increased risk for anthrax exposure.

Symptoms of disease vary depending on how the disease was contracted, but usually occur within 7 days after exposure. The three forms of human anthrax are inhalation anthrax (caused when the spores are inhaled into the lungs), cutaneous anthrax (caused when broken skin comes into contact with infected animals or hides), and intestinal anthrax (caused when undercooked meat from an infected animal is eaten). 
 
Initial symptoms of inhalation anthrax infection may resemble a common cold. After several days, the symptoms may progress to severe breathing problems and shock. Inhalation anthrax is usually fatal, unless the patient is treated before any symptoms occur. 
 
The intestinal disease form of anthrax may follow the consumption of contaminated food and is characterized by an acute inflammation of the intestinal tract. Initial signs of nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, and fever are followed by abdominal pain, vomiting of blood, and severe diarrhea. Like inhalation anthrax, the intestinal form is usually fatal. 
 
The cutaneous form of the disease begins with itching at the site of the exposure, followed by the formation of a round, pimple-like sore. This sore will then form a blister which, after 2-6 days will become a hard, black scab (similar to the scab left after a deep burn). Untreated, between 5 and 20% of patients will die. However, with adequate antibiotic treatment very few deaths occur. 
 
Direct person-to-person spread of anthrax is extremely unlikely, if it occurs at all. Therefore, there is no need to immunize or treat contacts of persons ill with anthrax, such as household contacts, friends, or coworkers, unless they also were also exposed to the same source of infection. 

The normal hunting season in Texas occurs in the cooler months of the year when anthrax bacteria are dormant and cases traditionally do not occur. Anthrax rapidly results in the death of infected animals, and diseased animals appear very ill before they die. There is very little risk of infection as long as hunters harvest only healthy animals, wear latex gloves and long-sleeved shirts when field dressing them, and thoroughly cook the meat before eating it. 

An effective anthrax vaccine for livestock and horses can be purchased through private veterinary practitioners, feed stores, or animal health product distributors. The injection can be administered by private veterinary practitioners or rancher personnel and is recommended for: 

livestock residing in or near an area where anthrax often occurs; and 

animals that will be moved into the area, such as horses transported to trail rides. 

When administering the vaccine, wear a long-sleeved shirt and use latex or work gloves to prevent skin contamination with this vaccine. Consult your physician for treatment if you stick yourself with a needle, splash vaccine in cuts or scratches, or if you develop a sore after handling vaccine or livestock. 
 
During an outbreak, white-tailed deer often suffer the most from the disease, as they cannot be rounded up and handled like domestic or farmed exotic livestock. 
 
If your veterinarian diagnoses anthrax, he will recommend that you burn the carcass. Thorough burning prevents contaminating the ground with anthrax bacteria. The Texas Animal Health Commission requires that property or livestock owners thoroughly burn the carcasses of animals that may have died from anthrax. To protect yourself, wear long sleeves and gloves, and do not move or open carcasses, as this could further release the bacteria into the environment, causing further disease to spread. Do not salvage hides, horns, antlers, or any other tissue from the carcasses. 
 
If the animal was housed in a barn, burn the animal's bedding, manure, and the surrounding soil. To disinfect panels, trailers, or equipment, use an ammonia-based disinfectant, labeled as effective for anthrax. Follow label directions to prevent respiratory irritation. Pastures cannot be disinfected with chemicals. Due to environmental concerns, do not use heavy oils or tires to burn carcasses. Fuels permitted by the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) include gasoline, diesel, or wood. Care should be taken to keep fires from getting out of control. In counties under a burn ban, burning must be coordinated with local fire authorities. 
 
If possible, vaccinate and move healthy livestock to clean pastures, away from the carcasses.